The pictures are short exposure (1/1000 s) soot emission photographs of turbulent ethylene flames at (a) Re_o = 8,200, (b) Re_o = 15,600 and (c) Re_o = 24,200. The axial view extends from 85 to 160 diameters (39 to 73 cm) from the burner exit.

L. Muniz & M. G. Mungal, Heat Release and Buoyancy on Flow Structure and Entrainment in Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames, Combustion and Flame, 126, 2001, 1402-1420.